If the door of your safe says Cary and Buffalo, it comes from a firm that started out selling other makers’ safes and grew into a works of 180 men making fire-proof safes, bank safes and vaults. Here’s its story from city directories, patents and newspapers, and how to work out roughly when yours was made.
1878
the founding year Cary advertised
180
skilled workmen at the Buffalo works, 1893
$2,100
bribe a World’s Fair judge asked of Cary, 1893
9,000 lb
heaviest safe in the 1899 catalogue
Key takeaways
- Horace D. Cary began as a Buffalo safe dealer and Mosler agent; with his son Sherman he turned the business into a manufacturer, incorporated in 1889 as the Cary Safe Company, Limited.
- The works stood at Chicago and Scott streets from 1889–90 until 1919, then moved to 1200 Niagara Street, so the address on a catalogue, label or letterhead narrows the date.
- Many Cary fire-proof safes carry “Patented Sept. 16, 1890”: that is George Goehler’s patent for a drill-proof plate behind the combination lock, so the safe was made in 1890 or later.
- Cary’s 1899 catalogue lists fire-proof safes from about 400 lb (181 kg) to 9,000 lb (4,082 kg).
- The often-quoted closing date of 1929 is not documented; by 1932–34 the name survived as the Cary Safe Sales Corp. at 1200 Niagara Street.
In This Article
Cary Safe Company at a glance
| Country | United States (Buffalo, New York) |
| Founded | 1878 by the firm’s own account; in Buffalo directories as a safe dealer from 1880; incorporated as a manufacturer in 1889 |
| Founders | Horace D. Cary and his son Sherman L. Cary |
| Trading names | G. H. & H. D. Cary & Co. (1880); H. D. Cary & Son (mid-1880s); The Cary Safe Co. (1888); The Cary Safe Company, Limited (1889 to the 1890s); Cary Safe Company (by 1906); Cary Safe Sales Corp. (by 1932) |
| Addresses | 22 West Eagle Street (1880s); 483–485 Washington Street (1889); Chicago and Scott streets (1890–1919); 1200 Niagara Street (from 1919) |
| Known for | Fire-proof office safes, jewellers’ safes, bank safes and vaults, round “screw door” safes, time locks, safe deposit boxes |
| Key patents | US 436,411 (1890), 452,781 (1891), 524,941 (1894), 1,051,681 (1913), 1,180,256 (1916) |
| Fate | Canadian rights sold in 1930; continued as a sales company into the 1930s; no record of a formal closure found |
History of the Cary Safe Company
From safe dealer to safe maker
Cary always said it was founded in 1878, and by the 1920s its advertisements had turned the date into a rhyme: “Growing Great Since Seventy-Eight”.1 The Buffalo city directories pick up the story in 1880, when Horace D. Cary was a partner with George H. Cary in G. H. & H. D. Cary & Co., “fire and burglar proof safes”, at 14 West Swan Street.2 The next year’s directory lists Horace D. Cary as agent for the Mosler Safe and Lock Co. at 22 West Eagle Street. By the mid-1880s he was trading there as H. D. Cary & Son with his son Sherman L. Cary, who had been a bookkeeper, and in 1888 the directory calls the business The Cary Safe Co.3 That year it was also advertising in Kentucky newspapers from 22 West Eagle Street.4
Two Buffalo business histories describe what happened next. Both say H. D. and S. L. Cary first ran “a jobbing and retail trade in safes”; in 1889 the present company was incorporated under state law and “began active operations as manufacturers of fire and burglar proof safes”.5,6 In other words, if Cary sold your safe before 1889, someone else probably built it, possibly Mosler. The 1889 directory gives the company’s address as 483–485 Washington Street, and by 1890 it was at the corner of Chicago and Scott streets.3
Timeline
- 1878 Founding year claimed in the company’s later advertising.
- 1880–1881 Horace D. Cary sells safes at 14 West Swan Street, then as Mosler’s agent at 22 West Eagle Street.
- 1889 The Cary Safe Company, Limited, is incorporated and starts manufacturing.
- 1890 Works at Chicago and Scott streets; Goehler’s safe-door patent of 16 September.
- 1892–1893 Cary joins a planned safe combination; H. D. Cary exposes a bribe request at the Chicago World’s Fair.
- 1901 Exhibits at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo and plans an addition to the works.
- 1919 Albert W. Smith becomes president; the firm moves to 1200 Niagara Street and doubles its capital.
- 1930 Canadian rights to Cary safes sold to the Dominion Safe & Vault Co.
- 1932–1934 Smith dies as president of the Cary Safe Sales Co.; the sales corporation shares 1200 Niagara Street with other firms.
The works at Chicago and Scott streets
By 1893 the works covered an acre and a half, with a three-storey brick building 100 by 250 feet and several outbuildings; 180 skilled workmen made “fire and burglar proof safes in all sizes and styles”, as well as time and combination locks, vaults and jail work. Bank work was a speciality. Three of the six officers were Carys, and another was a future mayor of Buffalo: H. D. Cary (president), Edgar B. Jewett (vice-president), S. L. Cary (secretary), A. W. Smith (treasurer), L. M. Cary (superintendent of agencies) and George J. H. Goehler, a superintendent with twenty years’ experience.5 Jewett, who ran the John C. Jewett Manufacturing Company, was elected mayor of Buffalo in November 1894 and served from 1895 to 1897.7
The building in the photo at the top of this page is the factory itself, with its painted signs reading “Cary Safe Co.” and “Fire & Burglar Proof Safes”. Its frontage ran 217–249 Scott Street and 250–266 Chicago Street, beside the railway.8,9 In 1901 the company announced “a substantial addition” to the plant.10
Goehler’s patents: drill plates, time locks and welded bodies
George J. H. Goehler, the works superintendent, assigned his early patents to the company. The most useful one for owners today is US 436,411 of 16 September 1890, for a door for fire-proof safes. It put a plate of welded steel and iron on the inside of the door, with the combination wheels mounted on studs screwed into it, so that the lock couldn’t be reached by drilling or punching through the door from outside.11 If your Cary door says “Patented Sept. 16, 1890”, this is the patent it means.
His time lock followed in May 1891, a clockwork mechanism that kept a bank safe’s bolts locked until a set hour.12 In 1894 he patented a burglar-proof safe body welded from a single bent band of metal, with no seams or joints for wedges or explosives.13 Goehler didn’t stay. Directories still list him as superintendent in 1895, but by 1902 he was patenting safes in Pittsburgh, and in 1907 in Richmond, Virginia, in his own name.14,15 Time locks and the threats they answered are covered in our history of safe-cracking.
Screw-door and round-door bank safes
In 1890 Cary was already selling “a new patent screw door burglar proof safe”, intended for banks: the round door had a heavy thread cut into it and was screwed into the body by a system of gear wheels, which made it “air and water tight”.6 By 1893 a “new patent, seven door, burglar proof safe” was described as one of its latest products.5 Collectors of time locks record small Cary screw-door money chests fitted with Sargent & Greenleaf time locks from around 1893; David and John Erroll’s book on American bank locks illustrated one as the only known example.16
Sherman L. Cary kept improving the round door. His 1913 patent combined threaded and ground plain sections on a circular door, and his 1916 patent replaced the thread with interlocking lugs, giving more locking surface and needing less rotation to lock and unlock.17,18 By then the patents name the owner simply as “Cary Safe Company”, a New York corporation, without the “Limited”.19
Agents across the country
Cary sold through general agents in other cities. In San Francisco, Richardson Bros. were general agents by 1896, and directories of 1919 list a Cary Safe Company office at 517 Market Street.20 In Milwaukee, Hibbard & Richardson claimed in 1913 to have sold over 30,000 Cary safes and vaults in twenty years, and said that after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire 116 of that city’s jewellers and 19 government offices had bought Cary safes. Those are a distributor’s own figures, not audited ones, so take them with a pinch of salt.21
The safe combination of 1892
In September 1892 an official of the company told the press that the larger safe makers were discussing a trust, prompted by the union of the Herring, Hall and Marvin companies into Herring-Hall-Marvin.22 Two months later the Diebold-Mosler-Damon Safe Company was incorporated in New Jersey with a capital of $5,000,000, and the Cary Safe Company, Limited, was named among its members, with H. D. Cary as a director.23 Cary went on trading under its own name in Buffalo for decades afterwards, so whatever the combination achieved, it didn’t swallow the Buffalo firm.24
Niagara Street and the 1920s
In 1916 the company was reported to be planning a plant in Hamilton, Ontario, to make safes, vaults and doors.25 At home, on 1 May 1919 it began moving machinery and offices from Chicago and Scott streets, which the report called its home for “the last forty years”, to a larger plant at Niagara and Perry streets on the bank of the Niagara River.26 The forty years must count from the claimed founding in 1878: the directories show the firm at Chicago and Scott streets only from 1890.3 That August it doubled its capital stock from $100,000 to $200,000.27 The address was 1200 Niagara Street, where the plant offered about 60,000 square feet and room for more than 250 workers. That address already had a past: it’s where the E. R. Thomas Motor Company, a car maker that had gone bankrupt in 1912, had its works built in 1901–02.24,28
Albert W. Smith, who had joined the company in March 1891 and been its treasurer since that autumn, became president in 1919.24 The 1920s range went well beyond safes: standardised and sectional safety deposit box units for banks, vault doors, steel filing cabinets from 1922 and film safes for cinemas, sold under the slogans “The Safe Investment” and “Uniform Strength Throughout”.1,29
What happened to the Cary Safe Company?
Wikipedia and most dealer listings say the company ran until 1929, but give no source for the date.30 The trade press shows something less tidy. In January 1930 the Cary Safe Co. of 1200 Niagara Street sold its Canadian interest, and the rights to make Cary safes and vaults in Canada, to the Dominion Safe & Vault Co. of Niagara Falls, Ontario.31 When Albert W. Smith died in April 1932 he was described as president of the Cary Safe Sales Co., and the 1934 Buffalo directory lists a Cary Safe Sales Corp. at 1200 Niagara Street, sharing the building with a scale maker, a fibre drum maker and a carting firm, and employing at least one “safe expert”.32,33
The most likely reading is that manufacturing in Buffalo ended around 1929–30 and the name carried on as a sales and service business. We haven’t found a dissolution notice or an account of who, if anyone, took over the designs in the United States. If you have one, we’d like to hear from you.
How to identify and date a Cary safe
First, the bad news: no Cary serial number register has been published, and we haven’t found the company’s records in any archive, so a serial number on its own won’t date your safe. The clues below are more reliable. For methods that work on any maker, see our guide on how to date an old safe.
Clue 1
The name
“H. D. Cary & Son” points to the 1880s, when the firm was a dealer. “Cary Safe Company, Limited” was the formal name from 1889 into the 1890s; patents from 1906 drop “Limited”. “Cary Safe Sales” means the 1930s.3,13,19,33
Clue 4: addresses
Most Cary safes say only “Buffalo, N.Y.”, but catalogues, labels, invoices and delivery papers often carry a street address. These are the years each is recorded:2,3,26,33
| 14 West Swan Street (G. H. & H. D. Cary & Co.) | 1880 |
| 22 West Eagle Street | 1881–1888 |
| 483–485 Washington Street | 1889 directory |
| Chicago and Scott streets (250 Chicago Street) | 1890–1919 |
| 1200 Niagara Street (Niagara and Perry streets) | From May 1919; Cary Safe Sales Corp. still there in 1934 |
| Made in Canada under licence | Rights sold to Dominion Safe & Vault Co., Niagara Falls, Ont., in 1930 |
Clue 5: Cary patents
These US patents were assigned to the company. If a safe or its lock carries one of these dates, it was made in that year or later.11,12,13,19,17,18
| 16 Sept. 1890, No. 436,411 | Drill-proof plate behind the combination lock (fire-proof safes) |
| 26 May 1891, No. 452,781 | Time lock |
| 21 Aug. 1894, No. 524,941 | Seamless welded burglar-proof body |
| 6 Feb. 1906, No. 812,044 | Self-locking bolt work for express boxes |
| 28 Jan. 1913, No. 1,051,681 | Threaded round door |
| 18 Apr. 1916, No. 1,180,256 | Round door with interlocking lugs |
Clue 6: locks
The 1899 catalogue doesn’t name the combination locks used, and we haven’t found a Cary parts list. Cary made its own time lock under Goehler’s patent in the 1890s, and screw-door chests are known with Sargent & Greenleaf time locks.12,16 On one Cary safe, forum members identified a Yale lock behind a dial bearing the Cary name; badging bought-in locks was common practice, so the dial alone does not prove who made the lock mechanism.36 A safe engineer can identify the lock from inside once the safe is open.
Cary safe sizes and weights
Cary’s catalogue of about 1899 lists its “fire-proof” safes by number, from small single-door models to large double-door safes and jewellers’ safes with racks for trays. Each entry gives inside and outside measurements and an approximate weight. These are some of them:8
| Model | Outside size (H × W × D) | Approximate weight |
|---|---|---|
| No. 2, single door | 25½ × 15½ × 16 in | 400 lb (181 kg) |
| No. 4, single door | 33 × 22½ × 22 in | 925 lb (420 kg) |
| No. 25, double door | 56 × 39½ × 28 in | 2,800 lb (1,270 kg) |
| No. 33, double door (also as jewellers’ safe) | 72 × 44 × 30 in | 4,200 lb (1,905 kg) |
| No. 30, large double door | 93 × 71 × 34 in | 9,000 lb (4,082 kg) |
To estimate your own safe, run a tape measure over the outside height, width and depth and compare. A Cary floor safe of about 35 × 23 × 24 inches, sold at auction in 2014, is a little larger than No. 4, so it probably weighs around 1,000 lb (450 kg).37 Before anyone tries to move one, read how much an old safe weighs.
Notable Cary safes and stories
The World’s Fair bribe, Chicago 1893
At the World’s Columbian Exposition the awards system was hit by corruption charges, and Cary provided the most direct evidence. In a sworn affidavit, H. D. Cary said that on 14 August 1893 a man came to the Cary exhibit, introduced himself as one of the jurors of awards and asked what a first prize would be worth to the company. He said a few big exhibitors had been picked to receive first prizes, that the jury could be “fixed”, and named his price: $2,100. Cary refused; his son-in-law witnessed a second conversation.38
“A little money will handle them.”
The juror’s words, from H. D. Cary’s affidavit, 1893
The judge, F. D. Higbee of the Department of Manufactures, was dismissed, then suspended pending a hearing. He denied the charge, but on 8 September the investigating committee found him guilty and endorsed his dismissal.38,39 None of this stopped Cary’s later catalogues and adverts from claiming the “Highest Award, World’s Fair”. We haven’t checked the official award lists, so treat that as the company’s claim.8,40
The Hydraulic Bank of Buffalo, 1893
When the Hydraulic Bank opened at 775 Seneca Street in 1893, The Bankers’ Magazine reported that its vaults and safes, “of the latest pattern”, were built by the Cary Safe Company.41 Cary also described itself as “contractors to the U.S. Government” and claimed a gold medal at Buffalo’s Pan-American Exposition of 1901, where it exhibited and said it had gained “the greatest benefit”.40,42
A safe in a Nevada canyon
In Pole Canyon, near Baker Creek in what is now Great Basin National Park, a steel Cary safe is cemented into the base of a rock outcrop inside a masonry box with a wooden door, reached by stone steps. It carries the patent date 16 September 1890. It’s a strange place for a safe, and the National Park Service couldn’t find out who put it there or why.35
Myths and mix-ups
The Cary Safe Company closed in 1929.
No closure record has been found. The firm sold its Canadian rights in 1930 and a Cary Safe Sales Corp. was still at 1200 Niagara Street in 1934.
Cary safes were made in Rochester.
Cary was a Buffalo firm throughout. Rochester was home to the lock maker Sargent & Greenleaf, whose time locks appear in some Cary chests.16
A “Gary” safe is a misspelt Cary.
The Gary Safe Co. was a separate Chicago firm. Check the town on the door: Cary means Buffalo.34
Cary made every safe it sold from 1878.
Until 1889 the Carys were dealers, and Horace Cary was Mosler’s Buffalo agent in 1881. Manufacturing began with the 1889 company.
I have a Cary safe: what now?
Weight
How heavy is it?
Even the smallest catalogue model weighed about 400 lb (181 kg), and an office safe of chest height can weigh a ton or more. Measure it, compare with the table above, and use a professional safe mover.8
Opening
Combination lost?
Call a qualified safe technician; in the US, a member of SAVTA is a good start. Drilling blind can hit hardened plates behind the lock and ruins the door’s value. Expect to show proof of ownership.
Value
Is it worth anything?
As an informal guide, not an appraisal: ordinary Cary floor safes sell for hundreds of dollars, not thousands. A working c.1900 example in good paint sold for $288 at auction in 2014.37 Original paintwork, a working lock and the combination add most.
Not sure what you have? Send us photos of the door panel, the dial and any number or patent date, with the outside height, width and depth, and we’ll help you date it. Our guide for anyone who has inherited or found an old safe covers moving, lost combinations and selling.
Frequently asked questions
Who made Cary safes?
The Cary Safe Company of Buffalo, New York, founded by Horace D. Cary and his son Sherman L. Cary. It traded as a safe dealer from about 1878–80 and manufactured safes from 1889.
How old is my Cary safe?
Most surviving Cary safes date from 1889 to the late 1920s. A “Patented Sept. 16, 1890” marking means 1890 or later; any street address, the company name and later patent dates narrow it further.
Can I date a Cary safe by its serial number?
Not yet. No Cary serial list or factory register has been published. Note the number anyway and send it to us with photos: dated examples from readers are how such lists get built.
How much does an antique Cary safe weigh?
Cary’s 1899 catalogue gives 400 lb (181 kg) for its smallest fire-proof safe, 925 lb (420 kg) for a 33-inch model and up to 9,000 lb (4,082 kg) for the largest double-door safe.
Is the Cary Safe Company still in business?
No. It sold its Canadian rights in 1930 and survived as the Cary Safe Sales Corp. in Buffalo into the mid-1930s. There’s no successor that holds its records.
How do I open a Cary safe without the combination?
Ask a qualified safe technician or a locksmith who specialises in safes. They can open it with the least damage and set a new combination.
Sources:
- “A New Line of Steel Cabinets”, Office Appliances, January 1922; Cary advertisements with the slogans “Uniform Strength Throughout” and “Growing Great Since Seventy-Eight”, September 1922 and November 1922. ↩︎
- Buffalo City Directory for 1880, entry “Cary, G. H. & H. D. & Co. (George H. Cary, Horace D. Cary), fire and burglar proof safes, 14 W. Swan”, in 1871–1880 Buffalo NY Directories, Internet Archive. ↩︎
- Buffalo City Directory, 1881–1890 editions, entries for Horace D. Cary, Sherman L. Cary, H. D. Cary & Son and The Cary Safe Co. (1881: “agt. Mosler Safe and Lock Co., 22 W. Eagle”; 1886: “H. D. Cary & Son, safes, 22 W. Eagle”; 1888: “The Cary Safe Co., 22 West Eagle”; 1889: “483 and 485 Washington”; 1890: “Cary Safe Co. (limited), Chicago cor. Scott”), in 1881–1890 Buffalo NY Directories, Internet Archive. ↩︎
- Advertisement, “The Cary Safe Co., 22 West Eagle St., Buffalo, N. Y.”, The Climax (Richmond, Kentucky), 8 August 1888, Internet Archive. ↩︎
- “The Cary Safe Company, Limited”, in Buffalo of To-day, the Queen City of the Lakes (Interstate Publishing, 1893), p. 171. ↩︎
- “The Cary Safe Company (Limited), cor. Scott and Chicago Streets”, in Illustrated Buffalo: the Queen City of the Lakes (Acme Publishing, 1890). ↩︎
- Biography of Edgar B. Jewett in A History of the City of Buffalo and Niagara Falls (1896); his term as mayor (1895–1897) from Wikipedia, “Edgar B. Jewett”. ↩︎
- Cary Safe Co., Catalogue (Buffalo, c.1899), diagrams, sizes and approximate weights of models Nos. 2 to 33; scan by Brian D. Szafranski, Internet Archive. ↩︎
- “Cary safe factory.jpg”, Wikimedia Commons, from the Glen V. Mills Business Directory of Buffalo (Smith-Parsons, 1902). Public domain. ↩︎
- “The Cary Safe Company, Buffalo, N.Y., will build a substantial addition to their plant at Scott and Chicago streets”, The Iron Age, 22 August 1901. ↩︎
- G. J. H. Goehler, Safe-door, US Patent 436,411, 16 September 1890, assignor to the Cary Safe Company, Limited; listed in Scientific American, 27 September 1890. ↩︎
- G. J. H. Goehler, Time-lock, US Patent 452,781, 26 May 1891, assignor to the Cary Safe Company, Limited. ↩︎
- G. J. H. Goehler, Safe, US Patent 524,941, 21 August 1894, assignor to the Cary Safe Company, Limited. ↩︎
- Buffalo City Directory 1895, “Goehler, George J. H., supt. Cary Safe Co.”, Internet Archive. ↩︎
- G. J. H. Goehler, Safe, US Patent 713,871 (1902, “of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania”) and US Patent 851,880 (1907, “of Richmond, Virginia”), neither assigned to Cary. ↩︎
- “Cary Safe”, my-time-machines.net (time lock collection notes), citing David and John Erroll, American Genius: Nineteenth Century Bank Locks and Time Locks, pp. 286–287. ↩︎
- S. L. Cary, Safe construction, US Patent 1,051,681, 28 January 1913, assignor to Cary Safe Company. ↩︎
- S. L. Cary, Safe, US Patent 1,180,256, 18 April 1916, assignor to Cary Safe Company. ↩︎
- W. J. Kasselman, Bolt operating and locking mechanism, US Patent 812,044, 6 February 1906, assignor to Cary Safe Company, “a corporation of New York”. ↩︎
- Richardson Bros., general agents, Cary Safe Company, advertisement in The Retail Grocers’ Advocate (San Francisco, 1896); “Cary Safe Company, 517 Market”, Crocker-Langley San Francisco Directory (1919). ↩︎
- “Hibbard & Richardson Co.”, in Commercial Milwaukee: Year Book of the Merchants and Manufacturers Association (1913). ↩︎
- “Safe Trust Planned”, The New York Times, 19 September 1892. ↩︎
- “New Safe Combination”, The New York Times, 16 November 1892; see also the Chicago report in The New York Times, 5 February 1893. ↩︎
- “Albert W. Smith”, in Henry Wayland Hill (ed.), Municipality of Buffalo, New York: a History, 1720–1923, vol. 3 (1923). ↩︎
- “The Cary Safe Company is contemplating the erection of a plant for the manufacture of safes, vaults, doors, etc.”, Industrial Canada, 1916; the same project is listed under Hamilton, Ont., in Engineering Record, 24 June 1916. ↩︎
- “Buffalo Safe Company Takes New Factory”, Office Appliances, June 1919. ↩︎
- “Increased Capital”, Mill Supplies, August 1919. ↩︎
- “E. R. Thomas Motor Co. / Rich Products Corp., 1200 Niagara Street”, Buffalo Architecture and History. ↩︎
- Cary Safe Company advertisements: “Cary Safes, The Safe Investment”, Harper’s Magazine, March 1920; Sectional Safety Deposit boxes, The Bankers’ Monthly, April 1923; “Complete Line of Film Safes”, Motion Picture News, 1913–14. ↩︎
- “Cary Safe Company”, Wikipedia (accessed October 2026). ↩︎
- Buffalo news item, The Iron Age, 23 January 1930: the Cary Safe Co., 1200 Niagara Street, has disposed of its Canadian interest and the rights to make Cary safes and vaults in Canada to the Dominion Safe & Vault Co., Niagara Falls, Ont. ↩︎
- Obituary of Albert W. Smith, president of the Cary Safe Sales Co., Buffalo, Steel, 2 May 1932. ↩︎
- Buffalo City Directory 1934: “Cary Safe Sales Corp”, 1200 Niagara Street, and other occupants of 1200 Niagara, Internet Archive. ↩︎
- “Cary Safe Co (Buffalo) / Gary Safe Co (Chicago)”, Lock Picking 101 forum thread, March 2021, quoting Allied Safe on its 1981 purchase of the Gary Safe Company. ↩︎
- Site 18, “Safe”, in Historic Resource Study: Great Basin National Park, Nevada (National Park Service, 1990). ↩︎
- Thread on a Cary safe with a Yale Y-6 type lock and Cary dial, Lock Picking 101 forum, October 2014. ↩︎
- “Antique circa 1900 Cary Safe Co. Buffalo, NY Floor Safe”, RM Sotheby’s, Auburn Fall 2014, lot N508. ↩︎
- “Charges of corruption” (H. D. Cary’s affidavit against F. D. Higbee), Chicago Daily Tribune, 29 August 1893, and follow-up, 30 August 1893. ↩︎
- “Higbee was Found Guilty” (Chicago, 8 September), Huntsville Gazette, 9 September 1893. ↩︎
- Cary Safe Company advertisement (“Contractors to U.S. Government; Highest Award World’s Fair; Gold Medal Pan-American Exposition”), in Buffalo Industrial Exhibition guidebook (Manufacturers’ Club of Buffalo, 1908), p. 77. ↩︎
- “Buffalo: The Hydraulic Bank of Buffalo has opened its doors”, The Bankers’ Magazine, May 1893. ↩︎
- Statement of the Cary Safe Company in a survey of Pan-American Exposition exhibitors, The Billboard, 21 March 1903. ↩︎
